Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) & Answers
Welcome to the Point Richmond Dental Studio FAQ — your go-to resource for answers to the questions we hear most often from patients. Whether you’re curious about what to expect during your visit, how often you should schedule cleanings, payment options, dental implant care, or how we help make visits comfortable, you’ll find helpful, clear explanations here. Our team is dedicated to providing compassionate, high-quality holistic and cosmetic dental care, and this FAQ is designed to give you confidence and clarity as you take charge of your oral health.
General Dentistry
Every 6 months for most patients, or more often if recommended based on your individual needs. Regular professional cleanings remove plaque and tartar buildup that you can’t remove with brushing and flossing alone. These appointments also allow us to monitor your oral health and catch potential problems early. Some patients with gum disease, a history of cavities, or other risk factors may benefit from cleanings every 3 to 4 months.
X-rays are taken based on your dental needs and risk level, not at every visit. Most patients need bitewing X-rays (which check for cavities between teeth) once a year, and a full set of X-rays every 3 to 5 years. However, if you have active dental problems, a history of gum disease, or are experiencing symptoms, we may recommend X-rays more frequently. We use digital X-rays, which expose you to significantly less radiation than traditional film X-rays while providing excellent diagnostic images.
Common causes include gum recession, teeth grinding, tooth fractures, or worn enamel. When the protective enamel layer wears away or gums recede, the underlying dentin becomes exposed. Dentin contains tiny tubules that connect to the nerve of the tooth, making it sensitive to hot, cold, sweet, or acidic foods and drinks. Grinding can also wear down enamel and cause sensitivity. Cavities, cracked teeth, and recent dental work can also cause temporary or persistent sensitivity.
Yes—stress can significantly impact your oral health. Stress often leads to teeth grinding or clenching (bruxism), which can wear down teeth, cause jaw pain, and lead to headaches. Stress also weakens your immune system, making you more susceptible to gum inflammation and infections. Additionally, stressed individuals may neglect their oral hygiene routine, eat more sugary comfort foods, or develop dry mouth—all of which increase the risk of cavities and gum disease.
Gum recession can result from aggressive brushing, genetics, teeth grinding, and gum disease. Brushing too hard or using a hard-bristled toothbrush can wear away gum tissue over time. Some people are genetically predisposed to thinner gums that recede more easily. Grinding puts excessive force on teeth and can cause gums to pull back. Gum disease (periodontitis) is one of the most common causes, as the infection destroys the gum tissue and bone supporting the teeth. Other factors include tobacco use, misaligned teeth, and oral piercings.
We evaluate your gum pocket depth and overall gum health to determine if deep cleaning is necessary. Healthy gums have shallow pockets (typically 1-3 millimeters) around the teeth. If you have gum disease, these pockets deepen as the gums pull away from the teeth, creating spaces where bacteria accumulate. Deep cleaning (scaling and root planing) is recommended when pockets measure 4 millimeters or deeper, when there is tartar buildup below the gum line, or when you have signs of gum inflammation or bone loss. This procedure removes bacteria and tartar from below the gum line and smooths the root surfaces to help gums reattach.
Call us immediately—cracked teeth worsen quickly and require prompt attention. Rinse your mouth with warm water and apply a cold compress to reduce swelling. Avoid chewing on the affected side and don’t eat hard or sticky foods. If you’re experiencing pain, you can take over-the-counter pain medication. The sooner we can evaluate and treat a cracked tooth, the better the outcome. Delaying treatment can allow the crack to extend deeper, potentially requiring more extensive treatment like a root canal or even extraction.
Yes—fluoride is safe and effective when used appropriately. Fluoride strengthens tooth enamel and helps prevent cavities by making teeth more resistant to acid attacks from bacteria and sugary foods. Professional fluoride treatments and fluoridated toothpaste have been extensively studied and are endorsed by major health organizations worldwide. The amount of fluoride used in dental products and treatments is carefully controlled to provide maximum benefit with minimal risk. Fluoride has been recognized as one of the most important advances in dental public health.
Brush twice daily with fluoride toothpaste, floss daily, limit sugary foods and drinks, and get regular dental checkups. Brushing removes plaque and food particles from tooth surfaces, while flossing cleans between teeth where your toothbrush can’t reach. Fluoride strengthens enamel and helps repair early decay. Limiting sugar reduces the fuel available for cavity-causing bacteria. Regular dental visits allow us to catch cavities early when they’re easier to treat and provide professional cleanings to remove hardened plaque. Drinking water, especially fluoridated water, also helps protect your teeth.
Professional whitening is safe and effective when supervised by a dental professional. Modern whitening treatments use carefully formulated bleaching agents that lighten tooth color without harming enamel. Some patients experience temporary tooth sensitivity during or after whitening, but this typically resolves quickly. Professional whitening is much safer than over-the-counter products because we can customize the treatment to your needs, protect your gums, and monitor your progress. We ensure the whitening process is controlled and appropriate for your dental health.
Crowns & Restorative Dentistry
Crowns protect teeth that are cracked, broken, or heavily filled. When a tooth has a large filling, significant decay, or a crack, it becomes weak and vulnerable to further damage. A crown covers the entire visible portion of the tooth, acting like a protective cap that holds the tooth together and prevents it from breaking apart. Crowns are also used after root canal treatment, to restore dental implants, or to improve the appearance of severely discolored or misshapen teeth.
Typically 10 to 15 years or longer with proper care. The lifespan of your crown depends on several factors, including the material used, your oral hygiene habits, whether you grind your teeth, and how much force the crown experiences during chewing. Many crowns last well beyond 15 years when patients maintain good oral hygiene and attend regular dental checkups. Avoiding habits like chewing ice or using your teeth as tools can also help extend the life of your crown.
Yes—we shade-match your crown for a seamless appearance. Modern dental ceramics can be customized to match the exact color, translucency, and shape of your natural teeth. We carefully select the shade before creating your crown to ensure it blends perfectly with your smile. Most people cannot tell the difference between a well-made crown and a natural tooth.
Fillings can fail on large or cracked areas, while crowns give full protection. When too much of the tooth structure is missing or damaged, a filling doesn’t provide enough strength or support. Large fillings are more likely to break or fall out, and they don’t protect the remaining tooth from cracking. A crown covers and reinforces the entire tooth, distributing chewing forces evenly and preventing further damage. Think of it like the difference between patching a damaged wall versus replacing the entire panel—the crown provides comprehensive protection.
No—our approach is gentle and comfortable. The tooth is numbed with local anesthesia before any work begins, so you shouldn’t feel pain during the procedure. Most patients report feeling pressure but no discomfort. After the anesthesia wears off, you may experience some mild sensitivity or soreness, but this typically resolves within a few days and can be managed with over-the-counter pain medication.
Usually two visits: preparation and final placement. During the first visit, we prepare the tooth by removing any decay and shaping it to fit the crown. We then take impressions or digital scans and place a temporary crown to protect the tooth. The permanent crown is custom-made in a dental laboratory, which typically takes 1 to 2 weeks. At the second visit, we remove the temporary crown and permanently cement the final crown in place. Some offices offer same-day crowns using advanced technology, which can complete the process in a single appointment.
We use high-quality zirconia and porcelain for our crowns. Zirconia is an extremely strong ceramic material that is ideal for back teeth that experience heavy chewing forces. It’s also tooth-colored and biocompatible. Porcelain crowns offer excellent aesthetics and are often used for front teeth where appearance is most important. Both materials are durable, natural-looking, and long-lasting. We’ll recommend the best material for your specific situation based on the location of the tooth and your individual needs.
Yes—crowns restore structure and protect weakened teeth. Teeth can become worn down from grinding, acid erosion, or years of use. This wear can cause sensitivity, change your bite, and make teeth more vulnerable to damage. Crowns rebuild the lost tooth structure, restore proper tooth height and shape, and protect the remaining tooth from further wear. This not only improves the appearance of your smile but also helps restore proper chewing function and jaw alignment.
Yes—we replace and improve worn restorations. Old crowns can develop problems over time, including decay around the edges, cracks, discoloration, or loosening. If your existing crown is failing or no longer looks good, we can remove it and replace it with a new, improved restoration. We’ll examine the tooth underneath to ensure it’s healthy before placing the new crown, addressing any decay or damage as needed.
Yes—we adjust your crown so chewing is comfortable and balanced. A properly designed and fitted crown should feel natural when you bite down and chew. We carefully shape and adjust the crown to ensure it fits correctly with your opposing teeth and doesn’t create any high spots or interference. This helps distribute chewing forces evenly, prevents jaw strain, and ensures comfortable function. If your bite feels off after crown placement, we can make adjustments to perfect the fit.
Comfort, Anxiety, & Patient Experience
Yes—we prioritize gentle techniques and patient comfort at every appointment. We understand that dental visits can be stressful, so we take extra time to ensure you feel relaxed and at ease. Our team uses modern, minimally invasive techniques, effective anesthesia, and a calm, supportive approach. We encourage you to communicate with us during your visit, and we’ll adjust our approach to meet your comfort needs. Many patients are surprised at how comfortable modern dentistry can be.
Absolutely—our approach is calm, patient, and supportive. We have extensive experience working with anxious patients and understand that dental fear is common and valid. We take time to listen to your concerns, explain procedures in detail before we begin, and work at a pace that feels comfortable for you. We can also discuss sedation options if needed. Many of our previously anxious patients tell us they feel much more relaxed and confident about dental care after experiencing our gentle, understanding approach.
Modern anesthesia and gentle technique minimize discomfort during dental procedures. We use effective local anesthetics to numb the treatment area completely before beginning any work. Most patients feel pressure but no pain during procedures. We also use techniques to make the anesthesia injection itself more comfortable. After treatment, any discomfort is typically mild and manageable with over-the-counter pain medication. We’ll provide specific aftercare instructions and are always available if you have concerns during your recovery.
Yes—we ensure you understand every option clearly before making any decisions. We believe informed patients make the best decisions about their dental care. We’ll explain what we found during your examination, why treatment is recommended, what the procedure involves, what alternatives exist, and what to expect during and after treatment. We encourage questions and take time to address all your concerns. You’ll never feel rushed or pressured into treatment you don’t understand or want.
Yes—we respect your schedule and avoid long waits. We understand your time is valuable and make every effort to stay on schedule. We allocate appropriate time for each appointment and avoid overbooking. While occasional delays can happen due to dental emergencies, we’ll communicate with you promptly if we’re running behind. Our goal is to provide excellent care efficiently and respectfully.
Payment, Insurance, & Financing
Yes—many of our patients choose us for high-quality, transparent care. Fee-for-service means you pay directly for the dental services you receive rather than being limited by insurance restrictions. This model allows us to focus on providing the best possible care based on your needs, not on what insurance companies will cover. We provide clear, upfront pricing so you know exactly what to expect.
Yes—and we provide clear estimates for all treatments. We work with Delta Dental and other insurance plans to help maximize your benefits. Before beginning treatment, we’ll provide a detailed estimate showing what your insurance is expected to cover and what your out-of-pocket cost will be. We’ll also submit claims on your behalf to make the process as easy as possible for you.
Yes—we offer Cherry financing with soft credit checks that don’t affect your credit score. Cherry provides flexible payment plans that make dental care more affordable and accessible. You can apply quickly and easily, and approval decisions are made in minutes. This allows you to get the dental care you need now and pay over time in manageable monthly installments.
We accept credit cards, debit cards, financing through Cherry, and various other convenient payment options. We want to make it as easy as possible for you to receive the dental care you need, so we offer multiple ways to pay. Our team can discuss all available payment options with you and help you choose the method that works best for your situation.
Fee-for-service care allows for higher-quality materials, longer-lasting dentistry, and treatment based on your actual needs—not insurance limitations. Insurance companies often dictate which materials can be used, how much time can be spent on procedures, and which treatments are covered. Fee-for-service dentistry frees us to recommend and provide the best possible care without these restrictions. Many patients find that investing in quality dental care upfront saves money in the long run by avoiding repeated treatments and complications. You receive personalized care focused on achieving optimal, lasting results.
Dental Sleep Apnea Devices
An oral sleep appliance, also called a mandibular advancement device (MAD), is a custom-made device that looks similar to a sports mouthguard or orthodontic retainer. It works by gently positioning your lower jaw (mandible) forward while you sleep, which keeps your airway open and helps you breathe better. The device is made specifically for your mouth using digital scans to ensure a precise, comfortable fit.
Yes, for many patients. Oral appliances are often recommended as an alternative to CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure) for people with mild to moderate sleep apnea. They are also an excellent option for patients with severe sleep apnea who cannot tolerate or refuse CPAP therapy. While CPAP is generally more effective at reducing breathing pauses, oral appliances work just as well at improving daytime sleepiness, quality of life, and blood pressure. Many patients prefer oral appliances because they are more comfortable and easier to use consistently.
Yes—oral appliances are very effective for snoring. Studies show that 91% of patients using a custom-fitted oral appliance experience significant improvement in snoring. Oral appliances are recommended as a first-line treatment for snoring, even in people without sleep apnea. Oral appliances reduce both the frequency and loudness of snoring, improving sleep quality for both you and your bed partner.
Most patients adjust quickly and find it easy to wear. While you may experience some initial discomfort, excess salivation, or jaw soreness during the first few weeks, these symptoms typically improve as you get used to the device. Studies show that over 90% of patients use their device for at least 6 hours per night and report wanting to continue treatment long-term. Many patients find oral appliances more comfortable than CPAP machines, which leads to better long-term use.
Typically several years with proper care. Long-term studies show that oral appliances remain effective for 5 to 10 years when properly maintained. The device itself is durable, but you will need regular follow-up appointments with your dentist to ensure it continues to fit properly and work effectively. Your dentist will monitor the appliance for wear and make adjustments as needed to maintain optimal treatment results.
Your dentist will monitor your bite and jaw joint (TMJ) closely to prevent issues. About 30% of users may experience minor changes in how their teeth fit together with long-term use. However, serious dental problems are uncommon when the device is properly fitted and regularly monitored by a qualified dentist. Regular follow-up appointments are essential to check for any dental changes and make adjustments to your appliance as needed.
In many cases, yes. A sleep study is important to diagnose sleep apnea and determine its severity before starting treatment. After you receive your oral appliance, you will also need a follow-up sleep study while wearing the device to make sure it is working effectively. Your symptoms alone are not enough to tell if the treatment is working properly, so objective testing is necessary.
Yes—it often reduces grinding related to airway restriction. Research shows that both CPAP and oral appliances significantly reduce sleep bruxism (teeth grinding) in people with sleep apnea. Studies demonstrate that oral appliances can reduce grinding episodes by about 50% or more. Many experts believe that grinding occurs when the body tries to push the jaw forward to improve breathing during sleep, so treating the underlying sleep apnea with an oral appliance often helps reduce grinding.
Yes—it is small, quiet, and easy to pack. Unlike CPAP machines, which require electricity, tubing, and a mask, oral appliances are compact and portable. You simply place the device in its protective case and pack it in your luggage. There are no cords, batteries, or noise, making it ideal for travel, camping, or overnight trips.
Common symptoms include loud snoring, gasping or choking during sleep, excessive daytime fatigue, morning headaches, dry mouth upon waking, difficulty concentrating, and poor sleep quality. You may also experience frequent nighttime urination, irritability, or falling asleep during the day. If you have these symptoms, talk to your doctor about getting evaluated for sleep apnea.
Yes—untreated sleep apnea increases your risk for serious health problems. Sleep apnea is associated with high blood pressure, heart disease, stroke, irregular heartbeat, diabetes, and increased risk of accidents due to daytime fatigue. The repeated drops in oxygen levels during sleep put stress on your cardiovascular system and can lead to long-term health complications. Treatment with an oral appliance or CPAP can help reduce these risks.
We are not contracted with any medical insurance companies. However, we can provide you with all the necessary documentation to submit to your insurance company to see if they will reimburse you directly. In some cases, your insurance may pay you for the treatment, but we have no control over or contract with your health insurance. We offer payment plans to help make treatment affordable and accessible for you.
Your dentist will use digital scans or impressions of your teeth to create a custom-fitted device that is precise and comfortable. The appliance is typically made using computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technology to ensure an accurate fit. This custom fabrication process ensures the device fits your mouth properly and can be adjusted to the optimal position for keeping your airway open.
Your dentist will gradually titrate (adjust) the appliance to optimize airway opening. The device is designed to be adjustable, allowing your dentist to progressively advance your lower jaw forward in small increments. This gradual adjustment process helps you adapt comfortably while finding the position that best controls your sleep apnea and snoring. Follow-up appointments are necessary to fine-tune the device and ensure it is working effectively.
Yes—the body often grinds to push the jaw forward to breathe. Research shows a strong connection between sleep apnea and teeth grinding (bruxism). When your airway becomes blocked during sleep, your jaw muscles may activate and grind your teeth in an attempt to reposition the jaw and open the airway. This is why treating sleep apnea with an oral appliance often reduces or eliminates grinding—by keeping the airway open, the body no longer needs to grind to improve breathing.
Dental Implants
Most patients report minimal discomfort during and after dental implant surgery due to modern anesthesia and gentle surgical techniques. The procedure is typically performed under local anesthesia, and many patients describe the experience as less uncomfortable than a tooth extraction. After the procedure, any discomfort is usually mild and can be managed with over-the-counter pain medication. Most patients return to normal activities within a day or two.
With proper care, dental implants can last decades or even a lifetime. Studies show that dental implants have a success rate of over 95% at 10 years, and many implants continue to function well for 20 years or more. The longevity of your implant depends on good oral hygiene, regular dental visits, avoiding smoking, and maintaining overall health.
Most dental implants are made of titanium or zirconia, both of which are biocompatible materials that integrate well with bone. Titanium has been used successfully for decades and has excellent strength and bone integration properties. Zirconia is a newer ceramic option that is tooth-colored and may be preferred for aesthetic reasons or in patients with metal sensitivities. Both materials are safe and well-tolerated by the body.
The complete dental implant process usually takes 3 to 6 months from initial placement to final crown restoration. After the implant is placed in the jawbone, it needs time to integrate with the bone (osseointegration), which typically takes 3 to 6 months. Once integration is complete, the final crown is attached. In some cases, immediate loading with a temporary crown may be possible, but this depends on bone quality and other factors.
Yes—the crown that attaches to the implant is custom-designed to match your natural teeth in color, shape, and size. Modern dental ceramics and digital design technology allow for highly aesthetic restorations that blend seamlessly with your smile. Most people cannot tell the difference between an implant crown and a natural tooth.
Yes. If you are missing several teeth, options include individual implants for each missing tooth or implant-supported bridges that replace multiple teeth with fewer implants. For patients missing all teeth in an arch, implant-supported dentures or full-arch restorations (such as All-on-4) can provide a stable, permanent solution.
If you don’t have enough bone to support an implant, bone grafting may be recommended to create proper support. Bone grafting is a common procedure that adds bone material to the jaw to increase volume and density. After the graft heals (typically 3 to 6 months), the implant can be placed. Advanced techniques like sinus lifts can also create space for implants in the upper jaw.
Dental implants offer several advantages over traditional bridges. Implants don’t require drilling or altering adjacent healthy teeth, which preserves more of your natural tooth structure. Additionally, implants help prevent bone loss in the jaw by stimulating the bone like a natural tooth root, whereas bridges do not prevent bone resorption. Implants also tend to last longer and are easier to clean than bridges.
Care for dental implants is similar to caring for natural teeth: brush twice daily, floss daily, and maintain regular dental visits for professional cleanings and examinations. While implants cannot get cavities, the gum tissue around them can become inflamed or infected (peri-implantitis) if not properly cleaned. Good oral hygiene and professional monitoring are essential for long-term implant success.
Dental implant failures are rare but can occur, particularly if there is infection, smoking, uncontrolled diabetes, or inadequate bone quality. The overall failure rate is less than 5%, with most failures occurring in the first year after placement. Smoking is one of the most significant risk factors for implant failure, as it impairs healing and bone integration. Maintaining good oral hygiene and following your dentist’s instructions greatly reduces the risk of failure.
There is no upper age limit for dental implants if you are in good general health and have adequate bone to support the implant. Dental implants have been successfully placed in patients well into their 80s and 90s. The key factors are overall health, bone quality, and the ability to undergo a minor surgical procedure—not age itself.
Yes—dental implants help stimulate and preserve jawbone, preventing the bone loss that naturally occurs after tooth loss. When a tooth is lost, the jawbone in that area begins to shrink because it no longer receives stimulation from chewing forces. An implant acts like a natural tooth root, transmitting forces to the bone and maintaining bone volume and density. This is a major advantage over dentures and bridges, which do not prevent bone loss.
Yes—dental implant surgery is a well-studied, predictable procedure with a high success rate and low complication rate. Dental implants have been used successfully for over 50 years, and modern techniques and materials have made the procedure even safer and more reliable. As with any surgical procedure, there are some risks, but serious complications are rare when the surgery is performed by a qualified professional.
Absolutely—dental implants restore strong, stable chewing function similar to natural teeth. Unlike removable dentures, which can slip or limit your ability to eat certain foods, implants are firmly anchored in the bone and allow you to bite and chew with confidence. Studies show that patients with implants have significantly better chewing ability and can eat a wider variety of foods compared to those with dentures.
Yes—we offer Cherry financing with soft credit checks that don’t affect your credit score. This allows you to explore payment options and make dental implant treatment more affordable and accessible.
TMJ Treatment Neurotoxins (BOTOX®)
TMJ refers to the temporomandibular joint, which is the hinge joint that connects your lower jaw (mandible) to your skull. The term TMJ is also commonly used to describe disorders affecting this joint and the muscles that control jaw movement. TMJ disorders can cause pain, clicking, limited jaw movement, and difficulty chewing.
Neurotoxins like Botox (onabotulinumtoxinA) help TMJ disorders by relaxing overactive jaw muscles, which reduces pain, clenching, grinding, and associated headaches. The neurotoxin temporarily blocks nerve signals to the muscles, decreasing muscle hyperactivity and tension. This can provide significant relief from TMJ-related pain and dysfunction.
Yes—TMJ Botox or other brands are functional and medically focused, targeting the muscles responsible for jaw pain and dysfunction rather than facial wrinkles. While the same medication is used, the injection sites, dosing, and goals are different. TMJ treatment focuses on the masseter and temporalis muscles to reduce pain and improve jaw function.
Most patients feel only a quick, mild pinch during the injection. The needles used are very fine, and the procedure takes only a few minutes. Some patients may experience minor tenderness at the injection sites afterward, but this typically resolves quickly. Many patients find the treatment much less uncomfortable than the TMJ pain they were experiencing.
The effects of neurotoxin treatment for TMJ typically last 3 to 4 months before retreatment is needed. Some patients may experience longer-lasting relief, especially with repeated treatments over time. Regular maintenance treatments can help keep symptoms under control.
Most patients begin to see improvement within 3 to 7 days after treatment, with maximum effects occurring around 2 weeks. The timeline can vary slightly from person to person, but relief is generally noticeable within the first week.
No—when administered properly using conservative doses, TMJ Botox should not interfere with normal chewing function. The goal is to reduce excessive muscle activity and pain while maintaining the ability to eat and speak normally. Your provider will customize the dosing to balance symptom relief with functional preservation.
Yes—many TMJ-related headaches come from muscle tension in the jaw muscles, and Botox can significantly reduce these tension headaches. Botox is also FDA-approved for chronic migraine treatment, and many patients with TMJ disorders experience relief from both jaw pain and headaches. Studies show that neurotoxin injections can reduce headache frequency and intensity.
Yes—chronic teeth grinding (bruxism) can cause significant dental damage, including tooth cracks, fractures, enamel wear, and even tooth loss. Grinding also places excessive stress on dental restorations like crowns and fillings, potentially causing them to fail. Additionally, grinding can worsen TMJ disorders and cause jaw pain and headaches.
TMJ disorders can result from multiple factors, including stress, teeth grinding (bruxism), bite imbalance or malocclusion, jaw trauma or injury, and chronic muscle overuse. In many cases, TMJ disorders have multiple contributing factors rather than a single cause. Identifying and addressing these factors is important for effective treatment.
Often yes, especially when combined with muscle therapy like neurotoxin injections or physical therapy. A nightguard (occlusal splint) can protect your teeth from grinding damage and help reduce muscle tension by providing a more balanced bite position. However, nightguards work best as part of a comprehensive treatment approach.
Yes—neurotoxin treatment for TMJ has a strong safety profile when administered by a qualified healthcare provider. Botox and similar neurotoxins have been used medically for decades with well-documented safety. Side effects are typically mild and temporary, such as minor bruising or tenderness at injection sites.
The number of units needed depends on your muscle size, severity of symptoms, and individual response to treatment. Your provider will customize the dosing based on your specific needs. Typical doses for TMJ treatment range from 25 to 100 units total, divided between the affected muscles.
Functional dosing for TMJ can reduce muscle bulk in the masseter muscles
